ACTA see Anti-counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)

Adaptation Clause 89, 181

Agency

  • Agency and Distributorship Contract 79
  • Agency and Distributorship Contracts 79
  • Agency Contract 54, 77, 80
  • Agency vs Distributorship Contracts 54
  • Duties of Agent and Principal 77
  • European Agency Directive of 18 December 1986) 78
  • Law of Agency Contracts 77

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) 117

Air transport see Transport: Air

Alternative Dispute Resolution

  • Commencing Proceedings 102
  • Result of 102
  • Rules 102
  • The procedure in ICC ADR proceedings 102

Anti-counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) 121

Arbitration see also ICC International Court of Arbitration

  • Benefits of 93
  • Potential Disadvantages 94

ATA Carnet System 194 see also Customs: ATA Carnets

BASCAP see e-Commerce

Bill of exchange 130

Bill of lading 130, 173, 175

  • Difference from charter party 173
  • Marine 130, 176
  • Multimodal transport 177
  • Non-negotiable and waybills 177

Bolero 12

Bonded Warehouses 193

Bonds see Guarantees

Carriage of Goods 38

Carriers

  • Liability 172

Certificate of Inspection 21, 29

Certificate of Origin 21, 28, 131

Chambers of Commerce 31

Commercial Invoice 21, 28, 131

Commercial Sales 13, 59, 63

Confirmed 27

Consular Invoice 21, 29

Contracts 89

  • Acceptance 66, 81
  • Agency and Distribution Contracts 79, 85
  • Breach and remedies 67
  • Country of Origin 193
  • Currency and Exchange Rate Risks 128
  • Dispute Resolution 57, 73, 85, 88, 90, 101
  • Expert, seeking 90, 103
  • FIDIC and Orgalime Contracts 65
  • General Terms and Conditions 64
  • Intellectural property 54, 106
  • Letter of Intent 60, 107
  • Long-term contracts 89, 103
  • Model or standard contracts 24, 64, 65, 69, 80, 113
  • Negotiation 59, 89
  • Offers/tenders 60
  • Pre-contractual liability 60
  • Pro forma invoice 24, 64
  • Purchase order 24, 64
  • Re-negotiation 90
  • Sales Contract 65
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  • Service contracts 81
  • Waiver 90

Cultural and language differences 16

Customs

  • ATA Carnets 190, 194
  • Bonded Warehouse 193
  • Country of Origin 193
  • Customs Brokers and Agents 192
  • Customs Clearance and Import Duties 190
  • Customs Cooperation Council 34, 191
  • Customs Valuation and Classification 192
  • Export Clearance: Licences and Quotas 192
  • Free Trade Zones 193
  • Import Customs Clearance: Duties and Taxes 192
  • World Customs Organization and the Harmonized Tariff System 191

Demand guarantees 163

  • Demand vs. surety instruments 163
  • Direct and indirect 164
  • ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees 165

Discrepancies 30, 128, 135, 144

Dispute Resolution 57, 73, 85, 88–104

ICC Dispute Board Rules 103

Distributorship 54

DOCDEX 101

Documentary collection 123, 126, 135, 227

  • Compared with clean collection 126

Documentary Credits 26, 124, 127, 133–150, 176

  • Alternatives to 135
  • Back-to-back 139
  • Banks and their roles 137
  • Basic Concepts and Terms 133
  • Checklist: Best Practice in Using Documentary Credits 149
  • Commercial credits vs. guarantees/bonds/ standbys 133
  • Confirmation 27, 128, 143, 225
  • Confirmed 26, 28, 138, 139, 225
  • Credit application 142
  • Independence of 145
  • Irrevocable, revocable 136, 138, 139, 232
  • Issuance 27, 143
  • Problems and risks 135
  • Procedure for an irrevocable confirmed credit 139
  • Receipt and review of credit by seller 143
  • Red clause 138, 232
  • Release of documents to buyer 128, 145
  • Revolving 138, 232
  • Rules: UCP 600 135, 147
  • Shipment of goods and presentation of documents 28
  • Sight/Usance 138
  • Standby 124, 126, 160–168
  • Strict Compliance 145–147
  • Transferable 138
  • Types of 137

Documentary sale 21, 56

Documents in an export/import transaction 21– 30

e-Commerce 11, 12, 216

  • Data protection 209
  • Domain Names 120
  • eUCP (Electronic supplement to UCP) 147
    • Key provisions 148
    • Part- or all-electronic presentations 148
    • Presentation not issuance 148
    • Specific incorporation of the eUCP 148
  • General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) 209
  • Marketing Ethics and Codes of Self-Regulation: ICC Code 209
  • Payment options 123
  • Privacy 209, 219
  • UDRP (Uniform Domain-name Dispute- Resolution Policy) 121
  • UNCITRAL Convention 34, 171

Economic risk 16, 130

eUCP see Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600)

Export

  • Commercial sales and the law 13, 53
  • Exchange rate risks 124, 128
  • Exporting Acceptance 126, 130, 156
    [Page241:]
  • Licence 192, 228
  • Marketing 23, 75–87, 203–220
  • Offer 24, 64
  • Payment term 26
  • Risks 14, 124
  • Sequence of Events and Related Documents 21
  • Shipping 22, 25, 26, 70, 179, 206

Export credit insurance 124, 228

Factoring 151–159, 229

  • Advantages and disadvantages 155
  • Definition 152
  • Fee structure 153, 157
  • In practice 153
  • Market scope 152
  • Multi-factor schemes and credit insurers 154
  • Single factor and two-factor schemes 154

FIATA see International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA)

financing see also Factoring

Forfaiting 151–159

  • Advantages 158
  • Compared to factoring 155
  • Definition 155
  • Fee structure 157
  • In practice 156
  • Money laundering 158
  • Rules and guidelines 158

Freight Forwarders 174

General Terms and Conditions 64

Guarantees

  • Demand 163, 165, 238
    • ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (URDG 758) 165
  • International Standby Practices (ISP98) 166, 167
  • Principal Uses 161
  • Terminology 160

Hamburg Rules 171

ICC ADR (Alternate Dispute Resolution) 101

  • Commencing proceedings 102
  • ICC ADR Rules 101
  • Procedure 102
  • Proceedings 98
  • Result 102
  • Rules 102

ICC Arbitration see ICC International Court of Arbitration

ICC International Court of Arbitration 88, 95

  • Arbitration Clause 95, 100
  • Arbitration Procedures 97
  • Arbitrator 97
  • Arbitrators 96
  • Court and Secretariat 96
  • Overview 95
  • Revision of ICC Rules 99
  • Stature 95
  • Supervision 95
  • Universality 95

ICC Model Commercial Agency Contract 80

  • Agents distinguished from Employees 80
  • Key clauses 80
  • Scope of Application 80

ICC Model Contracts

  • Distributorship Contracts 85
  • General Conditions of Sale 25
  • ICC Model International Sale Contract 63, 68, 69

ICC Supplement to UCP 600 for Electronic Presentation 147

ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits see Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600)

Incoterms® 2010 Rules 36–52

  • CFR 49
  • Changes and Updates 44
  • Checklist 51
  • CIF 50
  • CIP 47
  • Contract Reference to Previous Version 41
    [Page242:]
  • Contract(s) of sale 36, 39, 41, 42
  • Costs, risks and responsibilities 36, 51
  • CPT 46
  • DAP 48
  • DAT 47
  • DDP 48
  • Delivery 42
  • “D” terms 43
  • EXW 45
  • FAS 48
  • FCA 46
  • FOB 49
  • Insurance 41, 43, 51
  • Not covered 42
  • Required by Law 39
  • Responsibilities 44
  • Rules for All Modes of Transport 39, 45
  • Rules for sea and inland waterway transport 38, 39, 48
  • Ship arrives before bill of lading 43
  • “Shipment” vs “Arrival” contracts 42
  • Summary 36
  • Transfer of Property or Title 41
  • Variants: “loaded”, “landed” etc 44

Insurance 27, 131, 186–189

  • Contract 54
  • Model clause 42

Intellectual Property 86, 115–122, 122, 202, 214, 215

  • BASCAP (Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy 121, 122
  • Copyright 119
  • Counterfeiting 115, 121, 122
  • Design protection 120
  • Domain Names 116, 120
  • ICC Intellectual Property Roadmap 122
  • Madrid System for the international registration of trademarks 118
  • Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 118
  • Patent protection 117, 118, 120
  • Trademark Protection 82, 117
  • Trade secrets 100, 105
  • Trade Secrets 120
  • URDP Domain names and dispute resolution 121

International Chamber of Commerce 31, 122, 194, 210

International Commercial Arbitration 88, 93

  • Benefits 93
  • Potential Disadvantages 94

International Dispute Resolution 88–104

International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) 31, 33, 172

International Litigation, Arbitration and ADR 88–104

International Maritime Committee (CMI) 31, 34

International Organisations and International Trade 31–35

International Payments 123–132

  • Payment backed by standby credit or bank guarantee 123
  • Payment by documentary collection 72, 135
  • Payment by documentary credit 26, 72
  • Payment in advance 72, 123, 125
  • Payment on open account 125

International Road Transport Union 34

International Sales Law 65–74

International Standby Practices 139, 165, 166, 166–168

International Trade Law 34

Internet see e-Commerce

Legal Systems: Civil Law, Common Law and Shari’a 53, 61–62

Letter of credit see Documentary Credits

Liner terms 36, 181

Litigation 91

  • Choice of forum and forum shopping 56, 57, 91, 92
  • Choice of Law and Applicable Law 56, 57, 63, 67, 73, 85, 92, 98
  • Enforcement of Judgements 92

Mediation see Alternative Dispute Resolution

Memorandum of understanding 60

  • preliminary agreement 60

Model contracts 24, 65, 69

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Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) 31–35

  • International Air Transport Association (IATA) 33
  • International Federation of Freight Forwarder’s Associations (FIATA) 33
  • International Maritime Committee 34
  • International Maritime Committee (CMI) 31
  • International Road Transport Union (IRU) 34

Official certificates and licences 131

Open account 22, 26, 72, 123, 125, 151, 152

  • backed by a standby credit or demand guarantee 126

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 32

Packing list 21, 29

Payment methods 125

  • documentary collection 123, 126, 128
  • in advance 123, 125, 127
  • open account 125
  • open account backed by a standby credit or demand guarantee 126

Pro forma invoice 21, 24, 64, 131

  • as offer 24, 64

Purchase order 21, 24, 59, 64

  • as offer 24, 64

Risk management 124, 128

Rotterdam Rules see Transport: Sea: UNCITRAL Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea

Shipping

  • Financing 151, 184 see also International Standby Practices

Standard documents and systems 21–30, 33, 190–194

Surety bonds 164

Translation risk 129

Transport 169–178

  • Air 152, 172, 184–185
    • Air transport and Incoterms 38
    • Montreal Convention 172
    • Warsaw System 172
  • Air freight 175, 184
    • Cargo Handling 181
    • Cargo insurance 186
    • Carrier’s liabilities/immunities 172, 173
    • Certificate of origin 131, 193
    • Charter Parties 173
    • Containers 182, 185
    • Costs 184
    • Customs brokers 175, 190, 192
    • Customs clearance 185
    • Customs valuation 192
    • Freight forwarders/consolidators 175, 185
    • Guaranteed shipment time 185
    • Hazardous goods 185
  • Freight forwarders 152, 174, 183
  • Hamburg Rules 171
  • Insurance 14, 41, 131, 184, 186–189
  • Insurance certificate 131, 149
  • International treaties and conventions 171
  • Licences and quotas 192
  • Management 169
  • Montreal Convention 172
  • Multimodal 172, 175, 177, 182
  • Packaging 15, 131, 169, 170, 184
  • Rail 185, 186
  • Road
    [Page244:]
    • CMR (Convention relative au contrat de transport international de marchandises par route) 172
    • Road haulage 185, 186
    • TIR: Customs Carnet for Road Haulage 186
  • Sea 179–184
    • Conferences, tramps and outsiders 180
    • Freight charges 181
    • Freight prepaid and freight collect 181
    • Hague Rules (1924) 171
    • Hague-Visby Rules 171, 173
    • Liner terms 181
    • Shipping documents 175, 180
    • Speed of delivery 170
    • Stevedoring 182
    • Stock and inventory management 170
    • Surcharges (BAF and CAF) 181
    • UNCITRAL Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 171
    • Waybills 177
  • UN Convention on the Multimodal Transport of Goods 172
  • UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents 172

TRIPS Agreement see Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement)

UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) 34, 237

UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 13, 65–69

  • Key provisions 68
  • Performance, breach and remedies 67

UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents 172

  • Warsaw System 172
  • Waybills 177

Unfair Call 162

Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 600) 31, 58, 72, 101, 133, 133–150, 135

  • Checklist 149
  • Confirmation 137, 143
  • eUCP 147
  • Examination of documents by confirming bank 144
  • Independence and Strict Compliance 145
  • Issuance of 143
  • Parties 137
  • Shipment of goods 144
  • Terminology 137
  • Types of 137, 138

UN Institute for the Unification of Private Trade Law (UNIDROIT) 34

World Chambers Federation 33, 194

World Customs Organization 34, 191, 194

  • WCO Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System 191

World Trade Organization (WTO) 34