This is for Mr. Lee. You said a caravan of trucks would be considered one single shipment. What happens if one of the trucks breaks down and cannot make it along with the others. Would this not be considered a partial shipment. By the same analogy, should the caravan too not be considered several pa...

I have not been able to find an authoritative and clear-cut definition of "Liner terms". Variations such as "Liner Out", "Full Liner Terms", etc. are used. To my limited knowledge, "Liner Terms" means shipper and receiver does not have to pay for loading / dis...

Dear Mr. Kwok: I think the discussion digressed to a point that the original question was forgotten. It is my considered opinion that if the beneficiary company is different from the one submitting the documents, it would be considered a discrepency, unless third party documents are acceptable under...

Our supplier submitted a Bill of Lading (which later on was found to be fraudulent) against the LC opened by us. There were some apparent discrepencies in the BL which we accepted. Payment was made by our bank to the negotiating bank. After the payment was released, we found out that the BL submitte...